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UNC Professor Helps Develop Antivenom for African Snakebites

Biological Sciences Professor Steve Mackessy, Ph.D., helped develop the first "product-ready" recombinant snakebite antivenom that covers all the elapid species in Africa, including cobras, mambas and rinkhals, and which outperforms existing serum-derived products. This is an essential discovery as snakebites are a neglected tropical disease, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths and disabilities each year, mostly in poor rural African communities. The findings have been published in Nature.

This work shows how the researchers developed the first “product-ready” recombinant snakebite antivenom that covers all the elapid species in Africa, including cobras, mambas and rinkhals, and which outperforms existing serum-derived products.

Snakebite is a neglected tropical disease (NTD), causing hundreds of thousands of deaths and disabilities each year, mostly in poor rural communities. Snakebite is one of the 21 NTD (neglected tropical disease) recognized by the WHO, yet snakebite kills more people than the other 20 NTDs combined. To reach the UN’s SDG3 subgoals related to NTDs, addressing snakebite is essential.

This study developed a recombinant nanobody-based antivenom, combining eight alpaca- and llama-derived VHHs that neutralize seven toxin families across cobras, mambas, and rinkhals snakes – all African elapids. 

It outperformed traditional serum antivenoms, preventing death and tissue damage in animal models while offering greater safety and consistency. 

Because the antibodies are produced recombinantly rather than harvested from immunized animals, future manufacturing can proceed entirely without animal use. This enables scalable, ethical, and fully defined production with consistent quality and specificity. The hope is also, that it may lead to more inexpensive antivenoms. 

The recombinant approach also reduced local necrosis, addressing one of the most neglected consequences of snakebite, namely local tissue damage, which existing antivenoms often fail to do. 

The work validates a rational, modular platform, proving that a small, defined antibody mixture can replace complex animal-plasma products. 

Next steps include optimizing large-scale production and clinical translation to make recombinant antivenoms accessible in the field. 

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