Theories of Motivation

  1. Goal Perspective Theory – Two motor achievement goals.
    1. Task – defines success or construes competence as self-task improvement.
      1. adopt personal criteria for evaluation.
      2. self-referenced, intrinsically motivated.
    3. Ego – defines success or construes competence as being better than others.
      1. adopts other criteria for evaluation.
      2. other referenced – extrinsically motivated.

    Both can be combined together in same individual (Nicholls, Dupa).

  3. Self Theories of ----- beliefs (based on individuals belief in the natural intelligence, maturity and stereotypes)
    1. Entity Theory – Intelligence is fixed.
      1. Ego oriented.
      2. Less adaptive response to failure.
    3. Incremental Theory – Intelligence is changeable –
      1. Task oriented.

    In motor performance – is positively affected by conceptions of ability associated with acquiring a skill than ability viewed as an inherent aptitude. (Dweck, Bandura).

  5. Self Determination Theory: (address motivation beyond confines of achievement and ability) Accounts for psychological needs and motives.
    1. Autonomy – The need to feel ownership in one’s behavior.
    2. Competence – The need to produce desired outcomes and experience effectiveness.
    3. Relatedness – The need to feel that one can relate to others and to society in general.
  • People are motivated to satisfy these needs –

    People respond better when they have a choice in what is learned (feel ownership)

    rather than experience external pressure and feel compelled by another to do certain things.

    Intrinsically motivated rather than extrinsically motivated.

    •

    • Four types of Extrinsic Motivation:

      1. External – behavior controlled by external means. (reward or external authority).
      2. Introjected – self imposed (guilt, avoidance, ought to)
      3. Identified – self determined due to any values (want to)
      4. Integrated – (encompasses above three).
  • Intrinsic Motivation – done for its own sake or enjoyment. (Vellerand).

    IV. Amotivation Theory

    •
      1. No contingency between outcomes is perceived.
      2. No perceived purpose in the activity.
      3. Uncontrollable, lack of competence.
      4. Helplessness (Deci & Ryan)
      5. V. Perceived Competence Theories (involved with goal oriented theory)
      6. If low – then poorly motivated, expect failure.
      7. Also central to basis of self-determined theory.
      8. VI. Physical Self-Worth Motivation Theories
      9. Physical self-perceptions are indications of motivation and psychological well-being. Self esteem is increase if self is perceived as attractive.

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